F7^ 



Hollingex Corp. 
pH8.5 



■ 



. F 70 

.nsi 

Copy 1 




GEOGRAPHY 



MASSACHUSETTS; 



A SUPPLEMENT TO THE 



Eclectic Series of Geogkaphies. 



ALBERT P. MAKBLE, 

Silpti-inliiulfid tif Sriliinls. Mlii-a:-:h- 



Coi'YUKiiiT, 1S78, BY Van Antwebi'. 1=(iia.:.; ,v 



GEOGRAPHY 



MASSACHUSETTS; 



A SUPPLEMENT TO THE 



Eclectic Seeies of Geographies. 



BY 

ALBERT P. MARBLE, 

SuperintetiiJcnt af Schools, Worcester. 



Copyright, 1S78, liY Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. 







>- 



Longitude West 




from 

50' 



s H%r R ^ 

E W S 



,^« iBernar^^;.' 



H A 









CP 



gfi>jf 'i*y ^K ' » I Burr ToUrl " Slk _I. - ^ ^ N A j CS^^^*" 










f n i 1 



ir»».i'J^^i"-(/.ny* ij C'o.,^f-.-Iii.ir<Ji</,-V.3': 



i,Cttpyrig7itiyyan^^twerji,J^ 



■eenwich. 






{d^P:^. 


















flriVcfe i;l- 









' lt»tw 



■>rTLauiJ ill. 



V^; SciliiateTb ijojansto 












/ .1 ;r/v,-.East:GreenwichJ 










^Scs,^^ Y^GCt^i^' ^^i;li4 \SnL:T #"="^'-\ 



L fe -^>.'^\ y^ ©Kingstonif i 

Sou t I^'JLj.'v.I 

-V OOd R. fv,' ^^ /'.itij' "S s^-wfrfa ganaett ' 



JTatthTiUc. 
Angelica Pt y"^/ J| ^, ' I ^ / 



■^'"?*--... 



^r5^^ 



;f^' 



■cct-' 



!*Poinl Judith 



A 







pl5n"iu..y]. 






^ 



Sandy Pt. 
^ fS*Clay Head 

rt of Viewport Co- J^^hndc Island, 
^-^fe rbc Harbor 
Dickons P1-fcli'Jr*V 

»-^^ialBtfri'6t Hill 
Black Rock 



. I. %\tii a 



MAP 01^^ 



.^ 



it Point 



'MASSACHUSETTS, 

RHODE ISLAND 



inir-ljtkT. 5^^ .^ 

«)^ Jly sTteci'tl. 

* \v\;mrclivS> ^^ TuokCTDOck I. 

KaTi tucket TT 



>\'c"^' 



'T 



Ol4 



-M»" 



Sli° 



SCALE 

PlntutcMilos. 



CO^^ISTECTICUT. 

For llic JJclcctic Geographies. 



ypTE— TAf dnri 



Natural Size as 1 to 760,320 

or 

12Mnes tothelneli. 



:\ A jy T V c K j: t 
I 
j A jr o A L s 

■if' 



s»* 



.1* ' 



-J J j(, 12 Miles to the Ine 

-^ Tiliit s7tadhif^ indicates a depth of-^'alfr Uss th,iit iSfeet — ■thejlrsl tine a dtflh of lo/athoms ; the second tine a dtplk o/ 30/(,tfccms 
iO' Rn' ]0' ^ 20' 30' iO' 



_i!^4_ 



>»i\>° 



v2it.: 



J" 



ongi tude "East from "Washin gton . 



,,13:8.) 



JacJL Vi'eUii.Dci 



VVfv. 




DESCRIPTION. 

{The Map Qiiesficnis on page 5 should he studied before ihe T)escripfion.) 

I. POSITION, OUTLINE, AND AREA. II. ISLANDS AND BAYS. 



lassachusetts, the oldest New England state, extends from 41° 
42° 53' north latitude in the eastern portion, though, for the 
lart, it lies between 42° and 42° 45'; its longitude is from 69° 
73° 30' west from Greenwich. 

t is bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean; on tlie south 
Atlantic Ocean, Rhode Island, and Connecticut; on the west 
ode Island and New York; and on the north by Vermont and 
lampshire. 

Sxtent and Outline. The distance from the north-east corner 
state to the south-east corner of Rhode Island is 95 miles; but 
ast line between these two points is about 300 miles. The 
iry line on the east of Rhode Island has an extent of about 
les; and on the north of that state, 21 miles. The boundary 
of Connecticut is about 87 miles; east of New York, 50 miles; 
of Vermont, 40 miles; south of New Hampshire, 60 miles to 
t three miles north of the Merrimac River; and, keeping about 
stance from the river, 30 miles north-east to the Atlantic Ocean. 

rhe average width of the western part of the state is 47^ miles, 
astern portion, which extends from north to south nearly 100 

has a width, between Rhode Island and the ocean, of about 
iles. In the north part, the rocky promontory of Cape Ann 
■s farthest east; in the south, the low peninsula of Cape Cod. 
;trip of land extends east about 40 miles, and then bends to the 

30 miles. In form, it is like a bent arm with a clenched 
It has been called "the great right arm of the state." 

The state has an area of 7,800 square miles, or 4,992,000 
(4) 



6. The island of Nantucket is crcscent-shaiied ; it lies 25 miles south 
of Cape Cod peninsula, and has an area of 50 square miles. IMartha's 
Vineyard is a larger island, 10 miles west from Nantucket. The 
Elizabeth Islands, 16 in number, stretch along in a .south-westerly 
direction, 18 miles, between Martha's Vineyard and the main land. 

7. Massachusetts Bay is between Cape Ann and the peninsula of 
Cape Cod; the south part of it is called Cape Cod Bay. In allusion 
to this broad bay and ihe towns of historic interest on its coast, 
Massachusetts is called the "Old Bay State." 

Nantucket Sound is between Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's 
Vineyard ; Vineyard Sound is between Martha's Vineyard and the 
Elizabeth Islands; Buzzards Bay, between the Elizabeth Islands and 
the main land. The coast of these bays has many good harbors. 

III. SURFACE OF THE COUNTRY. 

8. The surface of Massachusetts is riiggcil. The greatest eleva- 
tions are west of the Connecticut River. They are an extension of 
the Green Mountain Range of Vermont. 

The Berkshire Hills are noted for the beauty of their scenery Of 
these hills the Taconic Range is west, and the Hoosac Range east, of 
the Housatonic River. Greylock, in the north part, is 3,505 feet 
above the sea; French Mountain, 2,239 feet. 

9. Mount Tom, on the west side of the Connecticut River, in 
Hampshire County, is 1,214 feet high; and Mount Holyoke, on the 
other side of the river, is 1,120 feet. They belong to the White 
Mountain Range of New Ham])shire. 



GEOGRAPHY OF MAiSSAC HUSETTS. 



MAP QUESTIONS 



Position and Outline. —What states bound Massachusetts on the 
north? What states on the south? What ocean on the east? What 
bays? What state on the west? What meridian crosses the state near 
the center? What one passes through Cape Cod? What one, near 
Boston? What parallel is nearly coincident with much of the southern 
boundary of Massachusetts? What is the general sliape of tlie state? 
What peninsulas on the eastern coast? What indentations? What 
islands belong to Massachusetts? Where are they situated? 

Surface. — Describe the surface as indicated on tlie map. In what 
part are there mountain ranges? Name them. Where is Mt. Greylock? 
Mt. Wacliusett? Mt. Tom? French Mountain? Mt. Holyoke? Bald 
Peak Mountain? The Blue Hills? Wliat is the prevailing slope of the 
state? Describe the principal water-sheds. 

RiVEK.s. — What is the largest river in Massacliusetts? Describe the 
course of the Connecticut through the state. Name its tributaries from 
the west. From the east. What rivers rise in Berkshire County? In 
what direction does the Hoosic flow? The Housatonic? AVhat important 
stream in north-eastern Massachusetts? Describe its course. Name its 
affluents from the state. Where is Ipswich River? Cliarles River? 
Mystic River ? Describe the cour.sc of Taunton River. Of Blackstonc 
River. Quinnebaug River. What streams have their source in Worces- 
ter County? 

Counties. — How many counties in IMassachusetts? Which county is 
largest? Which one smallest? Which one farthest north? East? West? 
Most central ? Give the physical features of Berkshire County. Of 



Worcester County. Of Essex. Of Barnstable. What counties are con 
posed of islands? What counties border Massachusetts Bay? Cape Cc 
Bay? Buzzards Bay? Through what counties does the Counectici 
River flow? The Merrimac? What counties are adjacent to Rhoc 
Island? To Connecticut? Vermont? New Hampshire? 

Cities and Towns. — What is the capital of Massachusetts? How 
Boston situated? Name the other principal .seaports of the State. Wh: 
large cities on the IMerrimac River? What other important places i 
Essex County? In Middlesex County? liocate each town named. Jlei 
tion and locate the county seats and chief towns of each of tlie fn 
lowing counties: Norfolk. Plymouth. Bristol. Barnstable. Duke 
Nantucket. What important cities on the line of the "Boston an 
Albany Railroad"? On the " Hoosac Tunnel Line"? Name other towi 
in Worcester County. What cities and towns of IMassachusetts on tl 
Connecticut River? What are the larger towns of Berkshire County 
Name the princijial railroad centers of the state. 

Local Geography. — Locate and bound the county and the tow 
in which you live. What can you say of the surface? If hilly ( 
mountainous, what are the highest peaks? How high are these? 1 
com])aratively level, describe the surface slope. What streams rise i 
your county? What ones border or flow through it? Name and local 
the largest cities. The county seat (or county seats, if more than one 
The other leading towns. How many and what railroads intersect yoi 
county? Name their terminal points, whether in or out of the stat' 
How far is Boston from the place in which you live? 



Wachusett Mountain, in the north part of 'Worcester County, al.so 
belongs to this range, and is 2,018 feet high. 

10. East of "Worcester County, the hills grow less in height towards 
the ocean. The Blue Hills, in Norfolk County, are 835 feet higli. 
Almost the whole south-eastern part of the .state, with the islands 
near, is a sandy plain, having occasional elevations of 100 or 200 feet. 



V. RIVERS AND WATER-SHED. 

11. There are four principal systems of drainage in the state, viz: 
(1) The Hou.satonic, (2) the Connecticut, (o) the Merrimac, and 
(4) the waters flowing into Narragansett Bay and Lung Island Sound. 

In the western part of Berkshire County is the valley of the Hou- 
satonic to the south, and of the Hoosic to the north. 

12. Tlie valley of the Coiiiiecticid extends across the state from 
north to south, and about GO miles from the Hoosac Mountains, to 
the hills near the center of Worcester County. This is the largest 
river in the state, through which it flows fur 50 or 60 miles of its 
course, with a fall of 130 feet. Its chief branches in the state are 
the Deerfield and the Westfield, on the west, and Miller's River 
and the Chicopee, on the east. The Connecticut Valley is noted for 
its beautiful scenery, its fertile soil, and its water-power. 

A low riilge, exteiidinR from Princeton, near the center of Worcester County, 
to tlie middle of Plymouth County, divides tlie waters flowing north and 
east into the Atlantic, from those flowing soutli and west into Narragansett 
]iay and Buzzards Bay. 

13. The Merrimac flows through the north-eastern part of the 
state, 40 miles, into the Atlantic Ocean. Its water-power is used in 
the manufacture of cotton goods more than that of any other river in 
the country, if not in the world. Its chief branches in this state are 
the Nashua and the Concord. 



Tl 



Tl 
1 



The other rivers of this section are the Ipswich, the Mystic, ai 
the Charles, which flow into the Atlantic Ocean. 

14. The Blackstonc drains one-fourth of Worcester County, in tl 
centi'al and south-eastern part, and flows into Narragansett Bay. 
Q.uiiniebaug drains the south-western part of Worcester County ai 
part of Hampden County, and flows into Long Island Sound. 
whole water-power of both is used chiefly in cotton and woolen-mi 

The Taunton drains parts of Plymouth and Bristol counties, a 
flows into Narragansett Bay. 

QrcsTioNs. — 1. Between what parallels and meridians is the principal [k 
of the .state situated? 2. tiive tlie boundaries. 3. Tlie extent of sea en 
The length of each state boundary line. 4. The average width of the sta 
The most easterly promontory and peninsula. Describe Cape Cod. 5. Ui 
the area of the state. 

6. Describe the principal islands. 7. The bays and sounds. 

8. What is said of the surface? What hills in the western part? State 
liighest point. 9. Where are Mts. Tom, Holyoke, and Wachusett? 10. I 
scribe the surface of the eastern and south-eastern parts. 

11. How many sj'stenis of drainage? Name them. Describe the 
12. The second. 13. The third. 14. The fourth. 



V. CLIMATE AND ITS VARIATIONS. 

15. The climate of Massachusetts is severe and variable. It rep 
sents, however, the average of the temperate latitudes in the Unit 
States, which is colder than the average in Europe; but the rig 
of the climate has tended to make of the survivors a sturdy rai 

The nearness of the Gulf Stream softens the extremes of heat and cold 
the islands and the south-east coast. In winter, the temperature at Nantucl 
is 7° warmer than at Cambridge, and 10° warmer than at Williamstown, amc 
the Berkshire bills; and at New Bedford, it is 5° and 7° wanner than at th 
two places, respectively. In the central and western counties, the merci 
may fall 20° below zero m winter; and it often rises to 00° or 95° in summ 



GEOGRAPHY 



The annual rain-fall varies greatly in different parts of the 
and tlie depth of snow is often great. 

r a belt 20 miles wide eastward from Worcester, and extending from Con- 
iit towards the north-east, tlie yearly raiii-fall is 44 inclies: south-east of 
;lt about 15 miles, and north-west 25 miles, the fall is 42 inches; upon 
lother belt about 25 miles to the west, and in the counties of Bristol and 
uth, the fall is 40 inches; while in the extreme north-west, and on the 
east coast and islands, the fall is onW 38 or 39 inches, 
average fall of snow each winter is 60 inches in the western part; in 
terior valleys, 50 inches; and on the south-eastern coast, 30 inclies. 

The north-east storms of spring are a disagreeable feature of 
limate ; but the pure and elastic air of summer, and the rare 
Y of the fall, compensate for the cold winds and winters. 



VI. SOIL. 

Compared with the fertile prairies of the West, the soil of 
.chusetts is generally hard and barren. The sandy plaiii.'^ near 
oast, and on the islands, are unfruitful, and the rough hills are 
ily for grazing and wood-land. In the valleys of the rivers, 
?er, especially of the Housatonic and the Connecticut, are many 
intervales ; and patches of rich farming land are scattered be- 
the hills, and along the streams all over the state. 

VII. MINERALS. 

This state does not abound in minerals. The most valuable 
mite, which is quarried chiefly at Gloucester, Rockport, Fall 
, New Bedford, ^Monson, Milford, Quincy, and Uxbridge. 




New Bedford 'Wharves. 

Of the other niinera! products, iron is obtained at Cheshire, 

Stockbridge, and New Braintree; limestone, at West Stock- 

e and Lenox; sandstone, at Longraeadow and Wareham ; slate, 

laremont and Quincy. Mines of gold, silver, and lead, not 

worked as yet, are found at Newbury ; of copper and marble, 

leffield ; of asbestos, at Pelham; and of emery, at Chester. 

ESTiONs. — 15. The clinuite? How is it modified? Extremes of temjier- 
? 16. The rain-fall ? How distributed ? The depth of snow ? 17. Storms 
I'inds? 

General cluiracter of the soil? What parts are sterile? What, fertile? 

The most valuable mineral product? Where found? 20. Other minerals? 
e obtained? 



VIII. VEGETATION. 

21. Native. When found by white men, this state was covered 
with forests; and from the top of Mount Wachusett nothing could 
be seen but one broad expanse of green, with here and there an 
opening, and the smoke of the Indian's wigwam. 

The felling of these forests has changed the climate, both as to temperature 
and the degree of moisture; and in large measure the nature of the soil is 
changed by the absence of the trees. Tlie waste of forests has gone so far 
that the state has taken measures to protect tliem. 

The " JIassachusetts Society for promoting Agriculture" offer Tree Prizes for 
1888, for plantations of forest trees. 

On many of the stony hills, and along tlie streams, the .prettiest, most use- 
ful, and best paying crop is forest trees. They are fit for harvest in 25 years. 

The uses of forests are manifold. They create, or gradually but constantly 
improve, the soil ; they serve as conductors of electricity between the clouds 
and the earth, thus giving activity to the vital powers of plants, and leading 
the clouds to discharge their contents upon the earth ; they protect a country 
from the violence of winds; they keep the snow where it falls, so that it may 
slowly melt to fill the streams, and not come down in quick floods; they keep 
the soil from washing from the hills to the valleys and to the sea; they add 
to the healthfulness of the country, by drinking up the poisonous carbonic acid 
and the miasmata, and giving out oxygen ; they are useful for fuel and tim- 
ber; and they add beauty to the landscape. 

22. The principal native trees are — Deciduous: the oak, hickoiy, 
birch, maple, ash, walnut, elm, beech, chestnut, hornbeam, lever wood, 
tupelo, nettle-tree, tulip-tree, plane-tree or sycamore, bass, locust, cherry, 
holly, poplar, and willow; — Evergreen: the pine, cedar, spruce, hem- 
lock, fir, and hackmattick. The great variety of these forest trees, 
and their rich colored foliage, give an indescribable beauty to the 
country. 

Besides these trees, there is an endless variety of shrubs and small 
plants, many of which any boy or girl may find on the way to school, 
and study with pleasure and profit. 

23. Cultivated. The principal products ot the soil are hay, pota- 
toes, corn, tobacco, oats, garden vegetables, apples, pears, cranberries, 
strawberries, and a variety of other small fruits. 

Tiie total value of the agricultural products of the state for 1875 
was $34,443,795. 

IX. ANIMALS. 

24. Native. The wild animals which roamed in the forests, and 
the birds and fishes which frequented the hills and waters of the 
state, and were hunted by the Indians, have many of them dis- 
appeared. Some are still seen in different parts of the state. The 
jirincipal wild animals are: the black bear, wolf, catamount, wild 
cat, raccoon, wolverene, fox, mink, weasel, skunk, land otter, seal; 
the beaver, musk-rat, woodchuck, porcupine, hare, squirrel, rat, mouse; 
the fallow deer ; the grampus, and the whale. 

25. The birds of Massachusetts include: the eagle, hawk, owl; the 
cuckoo, woodpecker, king-fisher, lark, oriole, starling, crow, blue-jay, 
whip-poor-will, night-hawk, martin, robin, thrush, cat-bird, blue-bird, 
wren, humming-bird, sparrow, snow-bird, yellow-bird (goldfinch), 
pigeon; the wild turkey and quail; the plover, heron, sandpiper, 
snipe; the black .skimmer, gull, snow-goose, duck, and loon. 

26. The reptiles are: gnakes — the black, striped, water, ribbon, gar- 
ter, house, green, and rattlesnake; batraehians — the bull-frog, toad, 
and salamander. 

27. Of marine fishes there are: the eel, swordfish, cod, hake, had- 
dock, pollock, mackerel, perch, flounder, turbot, halibut, tautog, bass, 
sculpin, herring, menhaden, shad, alewife, salmon, smelt, sea-pike, 
sturgeon, shark, cat-fish, and blue-fish. 

In the ponds and streams: the pickerel, trout, pout, shiner, sucker, 
white, red, and river-perch, river-eel, chub, and minnow. 



OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



28. The value of all domestic animals in the state in 1875 was 
S17,316,381, of which amount over $1.5,000,000 were iu cattle and 
horses. 

Questions. — 21. The chief native vegetation? Of what use are forests? 
AVliat has been done to jirotect them? "Why? 22. Name tlie principal forest- 
trees. Deciduous? Evergreen? What other native growths are mentioned? 
23. Principal farm products? Their aggregate value? 

24. Are there many "wild animals in the state? Name and describe the 
principal ones. 25. Tell what birds are found. 20. What reptiles? 27. Marine 
tislies? Fresh water fishes? 28. Value of the domestic animals? Of horses 
and cattle? 



X. HISTORY AND PEOPLE. 

29. Indians. The early people of Massachusetts were various In- 
dian tribes belonging to the Iroquois nation. They have gradually 
disappeared before the white man. The small remnant of a single 
tribe are all that now remain within the limits of the state. 

Massasoit, sachem of tlie Wanipanoags, who lived between Narragansett 
liay and Massachusetts Bay, made a treaty of friendship witli the early wliite 
settlers, which lasted 50 years. His son, Metaco'met, known as King Philip, 
tliought, quite rightly, tliat the white man would seize all the lands of the 
Indians. He joined his tribe with others, and made war; but the Indians 
were beaten, and King Pliilip was killed. 

Tliese tribes have left tlieir names on tlie hills, rivers, lakes, and bays, and 
even the state itself — Wiichusett, Bogachoag, Chicopee, Neponset, Quinsigamond, 
the unpronounceal)le Cliaubunagungamauy Lake, in Webster, the musical Nar- 
ragansett and Nantucket. 

It is a pleasant study to trace in these names tlic history of luen, women, 
and children, who once lived and hunted and played in tlie very places where 
we now dwell ; but whose race, and even language, have all passed away. 
One of tlie last to linger was the Stockliridge tribe ; they lived in the town of 
that name in Berksliire, and were partly civilized. 

The Marshpee Indians still live in the town on Cape Cod, called by their 
name. They liave a cliurch, and schools provided by the state. 

30. Pilgrims. The first white men to settle here landed at Plymouth 
in 1620. They disembarked after a perilous voyage of sixty-four 
days, and founded their settlement in the dead of winter. They 
were called Pilgrims ; for they had left England, dwelt awhile in 
Holland, and then came hither for the sake of living and of wor- 
shiping God as they thought right. 

Their vessel was called the Mayflower. Of the 102 passengers, one died on the 
voyage. Peregrin Wliite was born in November, soon after the vessel arrived. 
He was the tirst white child born in New England. By tlie middle of the 
ne.\t spring all but .59 of the settlers had died. 

The Pilgrims were under the spiritual care of Elder William Brewster. Be- 
fore landing in a country without a goverunient, they signed a kind of con- 
stitution, and chose John Carver governor. The jieople of this colony had a 
separate government, and elected a governor almost every year till 1692. They 
then became p.art of the colony of Mass.ichusetts Bay. The southern boundary 
line of Norfolk County, the only straight county line within the state, was 
the northern boundary of the Plymouth colony. 

Settlements. In November, 1020, the King of England, by a charter granted 
to "The Council establislied at Plymouth [England] for the planting, order- 
ing, ruling, and governing of New England in America," all that part of 
America which lies between the 40th° and 48th° parallels of north latitude. 
This was the basis of all the patents by which the territory was afterwards 
divided. 

In 1624 there was a settlement at Gloucester, which in 1025 removed to Sa- 
lem, with Boger Conant as governor. 

In March, 1028, Sir Henry Rosewell and others took a patent, from the Ply- 
moutli Council, of the territory between a line three miles south of the River 
Charles and three miles north of the Merriniac; thus the Salem colony passed 
under control of a new company, with John Endicott as governor. 

By royal charter, the next March, a colony was created by the name of 
''The Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." 

Seventeen ships tilled witli settlers came from England in 1G30. Among 
the.se were John Winthrop, afterwards governor, and many other rich and 
noted people. About the same time settlements were made in Charlcstown, 
Newtown (Cambridge), Matapan (Dorchester), Roxbury, Shawmut (Boston), 
Nantasket (Hull), Mystic (Medford), Lynn, and Winnisimraet (Chelsea). The 
first General Court was held iu Boston, October, lO."!!!, 



31. Ptiritans. Tiiose who first settled the Bay, came to Ameri 
to found a state after their own heart. Just escaped from perset 
tion, however, they persecuted. Toleration aud civil and religio 
liberty were scarcely known at that day. They made the church t 
foundation of the government ; aud they claimed the right to dri 
away any one who did not agree with them. In thi.s respect th 
were quite ditlereut from the Pilgrims. 

For troubling them by preaching liberty of conscience, which was sediti 
to them, Roger Williams was banished in 1036, and founded Rhode Islai 
For the same thing, iu 1637, they drove away Anne Hutchinson, a gift 
woman; she was killed in the woods by the Indian.s. Some fanatics, w 
called themselves Quakers, were banished in 1656; and a few of them who 
turned, were hanged. 

In 1692 there was a general belief in witchcraft. At Salem, the jails W( 
filled with victims; and twenty innocent persons were hanged. This delusi 
soon died out, as it had in other countries. 

The bigotry of the Puritans was not peculiar to them ; it belonged to I 
age. Their stern. God-fearing spirit was suited to the times, and just fitted tin 
to battle with wild nature and war-like Indians, and to found a state. Little 
little their strict laws have softened ; and now there is the greatest freed' 
where once there was rigid intolerance. The first book of laws of the colo 
was printed in 1641. It was called the "Body of Liberties." Twelve otfeii 
were capital ; in England, at the same time, 150 offenses were punisha 
with death. The colonists showed a spirit very liberal for their time. Mas 
chusetts Bay, the only colony that assumed the right, coined silver mor 
in 1652. 

Indian .\nd French Wars. — In 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, F 
mouth, Connecticut, and New Haven agreed to aid each other against ' 
Indians. In 1675, King Philip, the ablest Indian chief in New England, united 
the tribes in a W'ar against the English. They attacked the people of Swans 
Brookfield, Hadley, Deerfield, Northampton, Lancaster, Medfield, Weyniou 
Groton, Springfield, Sudbury, and Marlborough: 600 men, as many dwellii; 
and 13 towns were destroyed in one year. The war closed by the death 
Philip in 1676. 

In 1690, the New England colonies sent an army against the French 
Canada, because of tlic attacks made by the French and Indians u[ion 
borders of Maine, New Hampshire, aud New York. The expedition failed. 

In 1704, Deerfield was again attacked by the Indians, set on by the Frei 
in Canada; 40 persons were killed, and 100 made prisoner.s. 

In 1710, becau.se of war between France and England, the colonists sen 
force and captured Port Royal, a French town, in Nova Scotia. They m; 
an unsuccessful attempt against Quebec, in 1711. 

England and France being again at war, in 1745, a force of 4,000 men fr 
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut captured Louisbourg, a stn 
and costly fortress on the island of Cape Breton. 

France and England were again at war from 1754 to 1762. During this ' 
Massachusetts, aided somewhat by the other colonies and the mother couul 
captured Nova Scotia and Canada. These, with Cape Breton and other isla 
in the St. Lawrence, were ceded by France to Great Britain. 

The Revolution. — In 1765, the British Parliament passed the "Stamp A( 
to raise a revenue on all paper and parchment used in America. The coloi 
united in opposition to this law, and the arbitrary acts of the royal goverm 
and it was repealed the next year. In 1767 a law was passed for the sa 
object, laying a duty on many articles imported into the colonies. The d 
was finally removed from every thing but tea. In all this the colonists i 
no voice. Boston forcibly resisted this tax, and, in 1770, iu a conllict w 
British troops, called the "Boston Massacre," a number of citizens were kill 
This hastened the Revolution. The port was closed in 1774. In May, Gem 
Gage was sent to Boston by the king, as governor and commander of the trO( 
He seized the powder aud guns which the people had gathered. 

A convention of delegates fnmi all the colonies met in Philadelphia, != 
tcniber, 1774, and formed the Continental Congress. They agreed to stop ti 
with Great Britain till their grievances should be removed. The people w 
now thoroughly awake; public meetings were held especially in this colo 
military companies formed and drilled; jxiwder and guns were collected; 
the men of Massachusetts were ready to fight the king to get back their liberi 

In April, 1775, General Gage sent troops to take the military stores at ( 
cord. They met the militia in line at Lexington, and fired upon them. W 
of this went to Concord before the troops; a battle was fought there, and 
British, badly cut up, were glad to get back without the stores. 

In June a large body of militia from all the New England colonies 
at Cambridge and other places near Boston; fortifications were thrown i 
among other places, at Breed's Hill, iu Charlestown. On the 17th a battle 
fought, in which the British, ihiuigh aided by their ships, were driven 1 
three times. General Joseph Warren fell in the American trenches. Cha 
town was burnt. The Americans were driven from the hill, but were re 
the victors. Tliis battle filled the Colonists with cour.age. It is called 
; Battle of Bunker Hill ; and a granite monument marks the .spot. 



GEOGRAPHY 



y in July, General George Washington, of Virginia, toolc command of 
ovincial forces, under an elm tree on tlie Cambridge common which 

this day is still standing. Forts were built, and batteries planted, to 
the British from Boston. In ^^arch, 1776, they .sailed to Halifax, and 

to New York. The Massachusetts troops followed, and, in August, 

fight the Battle of Long Islanil. 

war closed in 1783 with the independence of America. Through it all, 
husetts stood firm, and sent a large number of men and many worthy 
i to support tlie American cau.se. 

The state government was founded in 1780, with a written 
tiitioii almost the same as now. 

1788, this state ratified the Conslitution of the United States. 
1820, the district of Maine was made a separate state; it liad 

1 part of Massachusetts since 1692. 

i OF 1S12. This war grew out of Great Britain's claim to take from 
3an vessels seamen who were claimed as British subjects. It bore hard 
the connnerce of this state, whose vessels were captured ; but, though 
d to the war, her sailors nuiiutained the lienor of the Hag. 

Civil W.\e. From the beginning of this war in 1861 to its close in 
lassachusetts took a leading part. One of her regiments shed the first 
in the streets of Baltimore. John A. Andrew, the "War Governor," put 
ite in the van. She furnished more than 160,000 men from a popu- 

in 1861, of 1,231,000. 
state has furnished two presidents of tlie 

States — John Adams and his son John Quiiicy 
; three vice-presidents — John Quincy Adams, 
;e Gerry, and Henry Wilson; several noted 
: officers and foreign ministers; and many 
; statesmen, among them Daniel Webster and 
i Sumner. Her influence in the nation has 

been great. 

The population in 1875 was 1,6.51,912 

number of persons born here who have 
to other states is, probably, as great as 
e.sent native population ; and in tjieir new 

they have had great influence on society 
olitics. The people are enterprising, in- 
nis, and frugal; a large part of the paii- 
and criminals are of the foreign born 
ition. 



Tell about Massa- 
names have you 



sTioNs. — 29. Early people? 
id his son. What Indian 

Are any Indians now living in the state? 
lo were the Pilgrims? Describe briefly their 
■ and their early settlements. 31. Who were 
ritans? For their time, were they tolerant or 
il? Relate a few historical incidents concerning them. What can you 

the Indian and French wars? State the leading events of the " Revo- 
" in which Massachusetts took part. 32. When was the state govcrn- 
'ounded? AVhen was the United States Constitution ratified? In what 
I'as Maine set off? How was Massachusetts affected by the "War of 
' What part did the state take in the "Civil War"? 33. Population 
i? What is said of the people ? 




Washington Elm, Cambridge 



XI. OCCUPATIONS AND PRODUCTIONS. 



busii 



Of the entire pojnilation, there are engaged in active 

.58 per cent, or 958,000. 

aufacture is a leading pursuit. This is due largely to the val- 
water-powers within the state. Aliout 3.3 per cent of the work- 
n, or 316,000, a larger per cent than in any other state, are 
yed in factories. 

! value of the manufactured products for 1875 was $592,332,000; 
>apital employed, 8282,683,000; the value of stock used, 
000,000. The chief of these products for 1875 were boots and 

cotton and mixed goods, woolen goods, metallic goods, cloth- 
leatlier, machines and machinery, papt-r, furniture, carpetings, 
;il iiistrunieiits, carriages and wagons, clocks and watches, glass, 
.gricultuial implements. 



35. Ship-building' is carried on to a limited extent in the ocean 
counties. In 1875, vessels having a tonnage of 46,000, and valued 
at $3,162,000, were built. 

36. Commerce, Trade, and Transportation. Of the workingmen, 
about 11 per cent, or 105,000, are engaged in these industries. 

This state is the second in the Union in the extent of its foreign 
commerce; its coastwise trade is also very extensive, chiefly from the 
ports of Boston, New Bedford, Newburyport, Salem, and Gloucester. 

By the great trunk lines of railroad (the Vermnyit Cenlrnl Rdibvnd and the 
Grnnd Trntik of Canada; the Tunnel Line, through Fitchburg, Greenfield, North 
Adams, and Troy, N. "V". , and the Bostun and Alhmiy Raitmnd, through Worces- 
ter. Springfield, and Pittsfield) Boston is connected with the grain fields and 
pastures of the West and South-west, and ships to foreign countries great 
quantities of grain and beef. It is also the entrepot of foreign goods for New 
England and the West. The receipts, in 1877, of flour, corn, oats, and wheat 
amounted to $14,000,000 in value. 

37. Railroads. Within the state there are 1,854 miles of railroad. 
Eight lines center in Boston, connecting that city with till parts 

of the country — north, west, and south. The other chief railroad 
centers are Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, South Framingham, and 
Palmer. The principal railroad lines are: 

The Eastern li/tUmad, via Lynn and Salem, to Port- 
land, Me., and Plalil'ax, N. S. Its chief branches 
within the state extend to Marblehead, to Gloucester 
and Rockport, and to Lawrence. 

The Boston and Maine Railroad, ria Lawrence to 
Portland, Me. Branches to Medford and Lowell; and 
from Wakefield to Peabody, and to Danvers, George- 
town, and Newburyport. 

The Boston, Lowell, and Jfashna Railroad to Nashua 
and Concord, N. H. Branches to Concord, Mass., 
and AVoburn; and from Lowell to Lawrence, to 
Salem, and to Ayer. 

The Fitchburg Railroad, with the Vermont and Mus- 
saclnisetls, and the Trui/ and Greenfield, via Hoosac 
Tunnel to Troy, N. Y. Branches to Waltham, and 
from South Acton to Marlboro'. 

The Boston and Albany Railroad, via Worcester 
and Springfield, to Albany, N. Y. Branches to Brook- 
line; and from South Framingham to Milford; and 
from Ashland to Milford and Woon.socket, R. I. 

The Neiv York and New England Railroad, via 
Blackstone and Willimantic, Conn., to New York. 
Branches to Norwood Center, to Needham and Med- 
field ; and to Providence and Woonsocket, R. I. 

The Boston and Providence Railroad to Providence, 
Rhode Island; with branches to Dedhani, Stoughton, 
Taunton, and North Attleboro'. 

The Old Colony Railroad, via Fall River to Newport. R. I. Branches: Brain- 
tree to Cohasset and Duxbury, and to Plymouth ; Middleborough to Province- 
town, on Cape Cod ; and Wareham to Fair Haven. 

The Framingham and Lowell Railroad, with its connections, joins Lowell, 
Framingham, Mansfield, Taunton, and New Bedford. 

The Boston, Clinton, and Fitchburg Railroad joins Framingham with Jlarl- 
boro', Clinton, and Fitchburg. 

From Worcester the Providence and n'orcestcr Railroad extends to Provi- 
dence, R. I. ; the Xorwich and Worcester to Norwich, Conn. ; the Boston, Bane, 
and Gardner, and Monadnock, via Winchendon to Concord, N. H. ; the Worces- 
ter and Nashua, via Ayer to Nashua, N. II., and Portland, Me. From Palmer 
the Ware River Railroad extends to Winchendon ; the New London Northern to 
New London, Conn., and via Amherst to Brattleboro, Vt. From Springfield 
the Connecticut River Railroad extends via Northampton and Greenfield to Brat- 
tleboro, Vt. ; the Springfield, Athol, and North-eastern to Athol; tlie New York, 
New Haven, and Ilartforil to New York. From Westfield the New Haven and 
Nirrthamjiton Railroad extends to Williamsburg and to New Haven, Conn. 
From Pittsfield the Pittsfield and North Adams Railroad extends to North Ad- 
ams ; the Housatonic Railroad via Stockbridge to Bridgeport, Conn. Besides 
these roads numerous branches reach almost every town in the state, except a 
few in Bcrk.shire. 

The 3[assachiisetts Central Railroad, another line to connect Boston with 
the West, has been laid out and partly built through Hudson, Barre, and 
Northampton to tlie Hoosac Tunnel. This great tunnel through the Hoosac 
Mountain is i% miles long; it is the longest in the world except the Mont 
Cenis Tunnel between Italy and France; it has been built at a cost to the 
state of .?17,000.000 as the easiest and most direct route for commerce through 



OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



the Berkshire hills to the great West; the highest point of the uiuuntain is 
1,718 feet above tlie road bed. 

The eleoations above the sea level, on the Boston and Albany road, are ; at 
Worcester, 44 miles from Boston, 477 feet; at Charlton, 57 miles, 905 feet; at 
Springfield, 98 miles, 75 feet; at Washington, 135 miles, 1,450 feet; at Pittsfield, 
151 miles, 968 feet; at Albany, 202 miles, 25 feet. On the Tunnel Line, at 
ritchburg, 50 miles from Boston, 430 feet; at Ashburnham, 61 miles, 1,106 feet; 
at Greenfield, 106 miles, 182 feet; at the Tunnel, 130 miles, 838 feet; and at 
Troy, 191 miles, 50 feet. 

38. Agriculture. In this pursuit are engaged 8 per cent, nr 30,000, 
of the workingiueu ; but for food, Massachusetts depends largely upon 
the West. 

39. Domestic offices engage 44 per cent of the productive classes 
of Massachusetts, or some 425,000 people, a large part of them 
women ; hence, this industry represents those home products and com- 
forts whose worth is far beyond their pecuniary value. 

Among them are Ijhinkets, ragcarpets, domestic clothing, dried fruit, gloves, 
leggings, mittens, quilts, scarfs, rugs, socks, stockings, etc. Some of the marketa- 
ble products of this kind may be mentioned — such as butter, beef, pork, mut- 
ton, milk, eggs, cider, cheese, pickles, poultry, maple .sugar, etc.; also, fire-wond. 
railroad-ties, and lumber. 



40. Fisheries engage 
about 7,000 of the work- 
ing population. The capi- 
tal employed is $7,270,000, 
and the product for 1875, 
$7,685,000. The chief are 
cod (product, $2,159,000), 
whale (product, $2,186,- 
000), and mackerel (pro- 
duct, $1,924,000). 



The principal ports engaged 
in cod fishing are, Gloucester 
(which produces about three- 
fourths), Provincetown, and 
Marblehead; in whaling. New 
Bedford (which produces si.x- 

sevenths), Provincetown, Dartmouth, and Fairhaven; 
in mackerel fishing, Gloucester (which produces one-half 
Provincetown, WellHeet, Boston, and Cohasset. 

At Chicopee and Longmeadow, shad are caught. The cod 
and mackerel are obtained principally on the banks of New- 
foundland. To secure the right to these fisheries, by a recent 
treaty, the United States pays the Dominion of Canada 
$15,000,000. Sometime since, Nantucket owned the largest 
whale fisheries in the world. No whale ships now sail from that 
island. Whales are caught chiefly in the Pacific and Arctic oceans. 

41. Government offices and the professions engage about 
3 per cent of the workingmen, or about 30,000. 

This includes: United States, state, and city and town-officers; United States 
Army and Navy officers; lawyers and court-officers; physicians and clergymen; 
authors, artists, musicians, actors, teachers, scientists, etc. 

Questions. — 34. What per cent of the people are actively employed? What 
per cent in manufactures? Why so many? Give the value of manufactured 
products for a single year. Name the leading articles of manufacture. 35. What 
is said of ship-building? 36. How does the state rank in commerce? What 
facilities for foreign trade? 37. How many miles of railroads in the state? 
Name the principal railroads. Other important lines. Describe the Hoosac 
Tunnel. Give elevations at diiTerent points. 38. Are many people engaged in 
agriculture? 39. What are domestic offices? Are many so employed? Men- 
tion principal products. 40. What is said of the fisheries? 41. How many in 
the professions? 



XII. GOVERNMENT. 

42. The government, under which the people of this Commonwealth 
live, is of a threefold character — the United States, the State, and 
the Town — each of which will be described in order: 




Springfield 



(1) The United States Government. This determines matters affect 
the whole country; such as our relations to foreign countries, dec 
ing war and making peace, coining money, commerce, crimes on 
high seas (that is, 3 miles or more from land), patent rights, cc 
rights, the post-office, etc. 

(2) The State Government. This can do nothing inconsistent v 
the National authority, but regulates the relations of individi 
within its borders, the ownership of property, and crimes aga 
persons and property. 

(3) The 3Iunicipal Government; that is, the government of a cit} 
town. This can do nothing against the state authority; it ma 
police regulations, assesses taxes upon individuals, supports schools. 

Besides these, several towns and cities, in greater or less number, are 
ganized into counties for certain purposes; such as maintaining court-hoi 
jails, and houses of correction; laying out roads, etc., etc. The functioni 
counties are, of course, subordinate to the state authority. 

In each of these there are 3 branches: The Legislative, wl 
makes laws; the Executive, which puts them in force; and the J 
rial, which interprets them. 

UNITED STATES GOVEI 
MENT 

43. Of the United St 
or General Governm 
the Executive is compi 
of a President and \ 
President,* and a Cab 
appointed by the Presid 
consisting of the Secrei 
of State, Secretary of 
Treasury, Secretary 
War, Secretary of 
Navy, Secretary of the 
terior, Postmaster-Gene 
and Attorney-General. 

Within tliis state, subi 
nate to these and belongir 
the Treasury, are Collectoi 
Customs at the ports, who 
lect duties on exports and 
jiorts, and Collectors of Ii 
nal Revenue in the disti 
who collect taxes on m 
ufacturcs, etc.; to the 
Department, the officers 
soldiers who man the forts 
carry on the arsenals, a 
Springfield and Watertown ; to the Navy, the ships of war that protect 
harbors; to the Post-office Department, the Postmaster and post-office in 
town and city, where the letters and newspapers are distributed ; to the 1 
rior, the Commissioner of Education at Washington, who gathers statistics 
disseminates information relating to schools, and the Comniissioner of Pat( 
who secures to the rightful owners the value of their inventions. 

The Army and Navy of the United States are under the direction of 
President. 

44. The Legislative consists of a Senate composed of two m 
bers from each state, and a House of Representatives, with a m 
ber for each 150,000 inhabitants. A Senator is chosen for 6 years 
the General Court (see paragraph 45). For the election of Re 
sentatives, Massachusetts is divided into 11 Congressional distr 
The election takes place once in two years, in November. 



Entrance to Hoosao Tunnel. 



'•'Chosen by electors from the several states, corresponding in numbe 
the National Senators and Representatives to which each state is ent 
(see paragraph 44); these electors are chosen by the people in Novenibf 
each leap-year; on the ballot are usually printed the names of the mer 
whom the electors are expected to vote for Presideiit and Vice-President. 



GEOGRAPHY 



3. The Judicial consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and 
;rict Courts. 

lie Supreme Court is coniposcd ot a Chief-Justice and eight Associate Jiis- 
, appointed by tlie President, and holding office during good behavior. 

of these is assigned to each of the nine circuits into which tlie country 
ivided, and liolds court there. A local Circuit Judge al.so lives in eacli. 
1 Circuit is divided into several smaller Districts. 

Iiere are also a District Judge and other ofBcers of these courts within this 
■, such as United States District Attorney, Marshal, etc. These courts are 

in Boston, 
he forts, arsenals, custom-houses, and post-offices belonging to the United 
?s, are not subject to the state laws. 

STATE GOVERNMENT. 

3. Of the State Glovernmeut, the Executive consists of a Gov- 
ir and Lieutenant-Governor, chosen every jear, in November, by 
people, and eight counselors, chosen at the same time from the 
t districts into which the state is divided for this purpose. 

ifevior executive officers are the Sheriffs in the several counties (.see para- 
li 48) and the 21 state Constables, who are appointed by the Governor. 
lie state militia, consisting of officers and soldiers organized and equipped 
rding to law, for preserving the peace in case of riot, etc., or for war, if 
ssarv, are also at command of the Ciovernor. 




Gloucester, from Fort Point. 

7. The Legislative consists of the General Court composed of 40 
itors, chosen by the people annually, one from eacli of the districts 

which the state is divided for this purpose, and 238 Eepresenta- 
s, chosen in a similar way. 
he Legislature meets annually on the first Wednesday in January, 

generally remains in session about five months. 

jint committees, composed of three Senators and eight Representatives each, 
ippointed on many of the most important subjects ; such as the Judiciary, 
ways. Education, etc.; and questions are usually investigated by one of 
e committees before final action by the General Court. 

8. The Judicial consists of a Supreme Court, composed of a Chief- 
tice and 6 associates; a Superior Court, composed of a Chief-Jus- 

and 10 As.sociates; and 47 Municipal and District Courts, each 
ing jurisdiction over a county or some part of a county. 

II towns not within any district. Trial Justices have the same jurisdiction 
District Court. In each county there is also a Court of Probate and Insolv- 
,', to settle estates. All the judges are appointed by the Governor, and 
I office during good behavior. The less important cases, and persons charged 
1 minor crimes, are quickly tried in the lower courts. Appeals may be 
•n to the Supreme Court, in which persons cliarged with capital crimes 
other important cases are tried. 

;ach county maintains buildings, at the county seat or capital, for holding 
•ts, and preserving the records of the judgments of the courts and of the 
sfers of real estate. 

9. The county officers are the Sheriff, tlie Registrar of Deeds, and 
asurer, each elected by the people for three years; the Registrar 
Probate and the Clerk of the C(nirts, for five years: three County 
nmissioners are elected, one annually, and each for three years. 



MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. 

50. The functions of Municipal, or Town and City, Government in- 
clude also the three departments. Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. — 
the town being only a miniature state, as the state is simply a smaller 
nation. 

In each tov:n there is a Board of three or more Selectmen, who attend to 
the general affairs of the town, and whose chairman is the executive officer; 
a Board of Assessors, who make tlie valu.ition and assess taxes; Overseers of 
the Poor; and a School Committee, who have control of the Public Schools. 
The legislative function is performed by the voters'-' — men ot sound mind, not 
paupers or criminals, and able to read and write — in town meetings; the jic- 
dicial, by the court of the district. 

7k a city, which is divided into wards corresponding in some respects to 
towns, the Mayor is the executive officer, elected by the voters of the whole 
city annually; subordinate to him are the Chief of Police, or City Marshal, 
and tlie Police force, whom he appoints. 

The legislative function is performed by a City Council f composed of a 
Board of Aldermen elected by the voters of the whole city, usually a part 
each year and for a term of two or more years; a Common Council com- 
posed of several members from each ward, elected by the voters of the ward, 
usually a part each year; and a Board of School Committee consisting of three, 
or some multiple of three, members, elected by the voters for three years, a 
part each year, either by the city at large or by wards, and having exclusive 
control of the Public Schools. The judicial function of a city is usually per- 
formed bj' a Municipal or Police Court. 

51. Tliere are within the Commonwealth 19 cities and 325 towns. 
In each the people make such laws as they think necessary for their 
prosperity and happiuess, so lorig as these laws do not conflict with 
those of the state or nation, or with the constitution of either; in like 
nianner the jDCople of the whole state, by their representatives in the 
General Court, make whatever laws they choose, subject only to the 
United States authority. In making the state laws, also, the people 
of the town have a voice ; and the people of the state have a voice in 
making the United States laws. If the Governor or the President, or 
any officer of either municipal, state, or national government, does not 
use his authority justly or wisely, another will soon be chosen in his 
place. 

This is called a representative government, because the officers are 
chosen, and the laws are made, by the people or by their representa- 
tives. 

QiTESTiONS. — 42. State the threefold nature of government to which the peo- 
ple are subject. Define the province of each. What three departments in each? 

43. Name the officers in tlie Executive department of the General Government. 

44. How is the Legislative department composed? 45. The Judicial? 46. In 
the State Government, with whom is the Executive power vested? 47. The 
Legislative? 48. The Judicial? 49. Name the County officials. 

50. Describe the several functions of Municipal Government. 51. How many 
cities and towns in Massachusetts? Describe the processes of a "representative 
government." 

XIII. EDUCATION". 

52. The education of the people has been a prime interest of this 
Commonwealth from the first. In 1636, £400 were appropriated 
from the public treasury to help found Harvard College, "to the end 
that learning may not be buried in the grave of our fathers." It is 
the belief that a people who are to govern themselves, and maintain 
the blessings of liberty, need to be intelligent. 

There are two classes of pulilic educational institutions: 

I. Those under the direct control of the state, or of city and town 
authority ; and, 

II. Those conducted by a board of trustees, acting under a charter 
from the state, and having a semi-official character. 



*This is pure democracy, where the people act for themselves instead of by 
their representatives. 

t Created by the City Council is usually a Highway Department, a Fire De- 
partment, and Overseers of the Poor, Assessors, etc., and other officers who 
attend to special duties. 



OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



There are also private schools of various sorts aud character, not 
needing special mention. 

53. The general interests of the Public Schools are in charge of 
the State Board of Education, comijosed of the Governor and the 
Lieutenant-Governor, ex-officiis, aud eight members appointed by the 
Governor, one eacTi year, for a term of eight years. 

This board elects a secretary, who is the executive officer, and two agents. 
These officers visit the schools througliout the Commonwealth, from time to 
time; hold Teachers' Institutes in the several counties, for instruction in 
methods of teaching, etc. ; and make suggestions to the board for the impi-ove- 
ment of the scliools. 

54. Under the direction of this board, also, five State Normal Schools 
are carried on for the professional training of teachers, viz. : at 
Fraraingham, Westfield, Salem, Bridgewater, aud Worcester. These 
rank high amoug institutions of their kind. 

The board makes recommendations to the legislature, from time to time, 
of such changes in the laws as the interests of education may require. 

They also control the School Fund of the state, now amounting to 
$2,067,790.54, one-half the income from whi>.h is expended fur these general 
purposes; and the other half 
is distributed among the towns 
having less than 10,000 inhab- 
itants, in the ratio of their 
school attend.ance. 

A small apprciiiriation is an- 
nually made for the Massa- 
chusetts Teacliers' Association, 
and for County Associations, 
where the teachers of the state 
meet for the discussion of 
school qucstion.s. 

55. Every child over five 
years old is required by 
law to attend school twenty 
weeks each year till the 
age of fourteen ; and par- 
ents who neglect to send 
them, and persons who em- 
ploy thein unless they have 
attended school, are subject 
to a fine. Provision is also 
made for the confinement 

and the instruction of habitual truants; and these laws are enforced. 

56. Each town and city is required to maintain, si.x months of the 
year, schools for all children between the ages of 5 aud 15 years, 
where they may be taught the common English branches of study ; 
and every town of 500 or more families must, in addition, maintain 
a High School for instruction in Latin and other higlier studies. 
These schools provide what is called the Elementary, and the High 
School, the Secmidary, education. They are carried on by the School 
Committee of the town. 

In the cities, and in many of the larger towns, the committee elects 
a Superintendent, Avho gives his whole time to the management of the 
schools and the execution of the orders of the school committee. 

Of these schools there are 3,317. The value of the buildings, sites, and other 
school property is $22,298,988. The number of pupils, all ages, is 282,784 : and 
yet there are within the state 77, .550 persons over 21 years old who can neither 
read nor write, 20,(i.56 who can not write, and 307 who can not read. Of all 
these, the fi.>reign-l.>orn number 92,303. 

57. For the Secondary education, corresponding to the High Schools, 
there are numerous Academies, incorporated under the laws of the 
state, controlled by a Board of Trustees, and supported in part by the 
income of funds, either given liy the state or by private munificence, 
and in part by tuition fees paid by the students. Such are the Phillips 



the Lawrence Scientific School, at Cambridge ; 



Academy at Andover ; the Worcester Academy ; the Wilbrahf 
Academy ; Dean Academy ; the Monson Academy, etc. 

58. For the Higher education, there are two Universities, and eig 
Colleges, five for men and three for women, supported by endowmei 
from the state and from private citizens, and by the tuition fees 
students. 

These are for men: Harvard University, at Cambridge, wliich has, besi 
the Academic Department, a JIuseum of Comparative Zoology, and Schools 
Law, Medicine, Dentistry, and two of Divinity; Boston University, at Bost 
which has Schools of all Sciences, Theology, Law, Jledicine, Oratory, and I 
eral Arts; AVillianis College, at Williamstown ; Amherst College, at Amhei 
Tufts College at Medford. which has also a Divinity School; Holy Cross C 
lege, at Worcester; and Boston College, at Boston. 

For umncn: Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, at South Hadley; Sop 
Smith College, at Northampton; and Wellesley College, at Wellesley. 

59. The following Technical and Professional Schools, also si 
ported by endowments and tuition fees, as above, deserve espec 
mention : 

Massachusetts Agricultural College, at Amherst; Jlassachusetts Institute 
Technology, .at Boston ; the Free Institute of Industrial Science, at WorcesI 

Andover Theological School 
Andover; Newton Theolog 
Institution, at Newton CenI 
New Church Tlieological Scl: 
atWaltham; New England 
male Medical School, at I 
ton ; Boston Dental College 
Boston ; and Massachusetts ( 
lege of Pharmacy, at Bost 
Of the Incorporated Scho 
the value of buildings i 
otlier property, is $4,651, i 
This, however, does not incl 
a large amount of funds, wl 
income goes to pay for insti 
tion. 

60. Next to the Schc 
and Colleges, the most ■i 
uable educational inst' 
tion is the Free Public 
brary. Any town may 
gaily appropriate a sum 
money equal to one do 
for each ratable poll in 
town, to found a Pul 
; Library, aud one-half this sum annually to carry it on. 

: These libraries in the principal towns bring thousands of books within 

' reach of all citizens. In many of the towns and cities, men of wealth 

I benevolence have donated large sums of money to found free libraries 

i reading-rooms where m.agazines and newspapers are accessible to all citizen 

61. This state has taken the lead in establishments for the re 
of the unfortunate, for the reform of criminals, and for protect 
the health of its citizens. A State Board of Health is constat 
employed in searching for the causes of disease, in all parts of 
state. A Board of State Charities looks after the poor, and 
minor criminals. The blind, the deaf, and the in.sane are all wa 
of the state ; and humane efforts are made through official, as \ 
j as through private channels, to reform even the harder criminals. 

Of the public institutions for these worthy objects are: Lunatic Hospi 
at Worcester, Taunton, Northampton, and Danvers (the first and the last 
these have cost, within the last three years, nearly $1,500,000 each for bu 
ings alone); the McLane Insane A.sylum, Somerville; South Boston In; 
Hospital, Boston; Insane Asylum, Ipswich; Hfrbert Hall, Worcester; 
Massachusetts Far and Eye Infirmary, at Boston; the Massachusetts Scl 
for Idiotic and Feeble-minded Youth, at South Boston ; the Perkins Institu 
and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, at South Boston; the State Eef 
Scliool for Boys, at Westborough ; the State Industrial School for Girls 
Lancaster; The State Primary ScIiool, at Monson (to these last three are c 
mitted children under 16 years of age who have been convicted of crime); 




rvard University 



GEOGRAPHY 



Almshouse, at Tewksbury; the State Workhouse, at Bridgewater; tlie 
'rison, at Concord; the Reformatory Prison for Women, at Slierborn. 

STioNS. — 52. Wliy is public education important? What was the first 
iwards it, and when? Name the two classes of public educational insti- 
j. 53. Of the first, who have genera! charge ? 54. What Normal Schools 
!re, and what are they for? 55. What children must go to school, and 
mg? 56. Ho%v long each year must a town maintain schools? What 
must have a High School? 57. What is said of Academies? 58. Of 
■sities and Colleges? 59. Of Technical and Professional Schools? Name 
cate tlie principal institutions of each kind. 60. What is the provision 
iblic Liljraries? (il. How does Massachusetts rank with regard to her 
ble and penal in.^titutioiis? Name the most important ones. 



XIV. COUNTIES. 

shire, capital Pittsfield ; incorporated 17RI ; part of Hampshire; 31 town.'?; 
tion 08,270; the western county of Massachusetts, extends from Vermont 
uiecticut, is drained by the Hoosic, Westfield, and Housatonic rivers, 
IS abundant water-power. The surface is diver.sified In' mountains, hill.s, 
lleys, and the scenery is very picturesque. 

kliii, capital Greenfield; incorporated 1811; part of Hampshire; 26 towns; 
tion 33,696; between Berkshire and Worcester, has Vermont and New 
ihire on the north, and Hampshire County on the south. Tiie Connecti- 
ver cuts it from north to south ; and Millers and the Deerficld, east and 

Tlie surface is partly broken by hills and mountains, but the alluvial 
ire very fertile. Cattle, horses, and sheep are raised here, and the man- 
res are extensive, 
yshire, capital Northampton; incorporated 1662; 23 towns; population 

between Franklin, Worcester. Hampden, and Berkshire, the only in- 
county, is intersected by the Connecticut River. Mounts Holyoke and 
ind an extension of the Green Mountains in the west, are the principal 
ons. The soil along the river is remarkably fertile, and the scenery 
'ul. Tobacco, live-stock, dairy products, and manufactures are important 
;es. 

pden, capital Spriugtield; incorporated 1S12; part of Hampshire; 2 cities; 
ns; population 94,.304 ; extends from Berkshire to Worcester, and from 
ihire County to Connecticut. It is intersected by the Connecticut River, 
Inch flow the Chicopee and the Westfield. In soil, .scenery, products, 
iuiufacturcs, it resembles Hamp.-ihire County. Si.K railroads run through 
tering at Springfield, AVcstfield, and Palmer, 
restfr, capitals AVorcester and Fitchburg; incorporated 1731; 2 cities; 56 

population 210,295 : the largest county in the state, extends from New 
■hire to Connecticut and Rhode Island, and has the three last-named 
?s on the west, and Jliddlesex and Norfolk on the east. It is drained l)y 
:ickstone, Chicopee, Ware, and Nashua river.s. The .surface is generally 
iting, and most of the soil is naturally or artificially fertile. There are 

the county 2,000 manufacturing establLshments. Hay, jiotatoes, Indian 
ind garden and dairy products are the staples. 

llosex, capitals Lowell and Cambridge; incorporated 1643; 4 cities; 50 
population 284,112; is bordered by New Hampshire and Essex, Sutlblk, 

k, and Worcester counties; and lraver.sed by the rivers Jlerrimac, Nashua, 

■d, and Charles. It is uneven, but well cultivated and productive. 

potatoes, live-stock, and garden and dairy products are extensively 

The manufactures are very important. It is traversed by numerous 

ds. 

X, capitals Salem, Newburyport, and Lawrence; incorporated 1643; 6 
29 towns; population 223,342; borders on Middlesex and Suffolk coun- 
le ocean, and New Hampshire. The surface near the sea is rough and 
The Merrimac River flows through the north-east part of the county. 
;ople of several towns are extensively engaged in fishery. Fruit, grain, 
nd garden products are raised ; and carriages, machinery, and shoes are 
actured to a large extent. Ice and granite are largely exported. 

)lk, capital Boston; incorporated 1643; 2 cities; 2 towns; population 
i; is the largest in population, though one of the smallest in extent. It 
1 Massachusetts Bay, and joins E.ssex, Middlesex, and Norfolk. Its nianu- 
!S, 2,546 in number, are extensive, with a capital of $48,000,000, em- 
g 43,550 operatives, raw material costing $60,000,000, and producing 
10,000 in value annually. 

Dlk, capital Dedhara ; incorporated 1793; 24 towns; population 88,321; 
he State of Rhode Island, Jfiddlesex, Suffolk, and Plymouth counties, 
e ocean. Cohasset is detached by part of Plymouth County. The man- 
res are varied and extensive. Tlie county is traversed by numerous rail- 
Blue Hill is the greatest elevation. 

tol, capitals Taunton, Fall River, and New Bedford; incorporated 1685; 
s; 16 towns; population 131,087; joins Rhode Island, and Norfolk and 



Plymouth counties, and Buzzards Bay. It is drained by the Taunton River 
and other streams, wliich afford good water-power. The surface is nearly level, 
and the soil partly fertile. It has many good harbors. Garden products, wool, 
and grain are raised. The manufactures of iron, cotton, and woolen goods are 
very important. It is intersected by numerous railroads. 

Plymontli, capital Plymouth; incorporated 1685; 27 towns; population 69,362; 
joins Bristol, Norfolk, and Barnstable counties, and Massachusetts and Buz- 
zards Bay. Parts of the surface are sandy, rocky, and swampy ; but under 
.skillful cultivation the soil is productive. Large tracts of cedar and hard-pine 
forests furnish lumber. The iron, and boot and shoe manufactures are im- 
portant. The "Old Colony' and "Cape Cod" railroads, and their branches, 
traverse the county. 

BarustaMo, capital Barnstable; incorporated 1685; 14 towns; population 
32,144; the most eastern county; occupies the peninsula of Cape Cod, 60 miles 
long. It joins Plymouth County, and is bounded east and south by the 
Atlantic, and west by Buzzards and Cape Cod Bays. The soil is light and 
sandy. Dairy products, corn, and wool are raised to some extent. Fisheries 
and navigation engage many of the people. 

Dukes, capital Edgartown; incorporated 1683; 5 towns; population 4.071; 
consists of Martha's Vineyard, a famous summer resort, and other smaller 
islands in the Atlantic. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in fishing. The 
county receive.? its name from the fact that it was under the government of 
the Duke of York (King James II. of England), it having been a part of New 
York till 1692. 

Nantneket, incorporated 1695; population .3,201; is composed of the town and 
island of Nantucket, and four small islands. It was formerly engaged in the 
whale fishery. It is Ijecoming known as a summer resort. 




Lynn. 



XV. CITIES AJ^D TOWNS. 

Boston (settled 1630; incorporated 1822; population 341,119; value .$795,638,000), 
the capital of Ma.ssachusetts, and the seat of justice of Suffolk County, is the 
metropolis of New England and an important commercial city. It is .situated 
on the west side of Massachusetts Bay, at the mouth of the Charles River, 
and is 232 miles north-east from New Y'ork, 200 miles about east from Albany, 
and 44 miles about north-east from Providence l>y railroad. It was built on a 
peninsula; but many thouisand acres of the Back Bay and the South Boston 
Flats have been filled and join the peninsula to the main land. 

The city includes South Boston and East Boston, the latter occupying an 
island nearly two miles long. Roxbury, Dorchester, Charle.stown, West Rox- 
bury, and Brighton have recently been annexed, though these districts retain 
their original names; the city has an extent of about 13 miles in length and 
eight in breadth. It is supplied with water from the Sudbury River and 
Cocliitnate Lake, 20 miles west of the city, and Mystic Lake in the towns of 
Arlington and Winchester. Bridges connect it with Cambridgeport, East Cam- 
bridge, Chelsea, and Everett. Washington and Treiuoiit streets are busy thor- 
oughfares, the former having been lately extended through the most closely 
built part of the city to Haymarket Square. 

The city has a fine park, called Boston Common, containing nearly 50 
acres, covered with lofty trees and ornamented with beautiful fountains and 



OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



artificial lakes. Near this is the Public Garden, in which is a fine equestrian 
statue of Washiii^toii, a statue of Kverett. a nionunient to the discoverer of 
uniieslliesis, and other works of art. E.xtending from the Public Ganlen is Coni- 
nionwealth Avenue, a broad street, with an ornamental mall stretching through 
tlie niidille. and palatial residences on either side. 

The spacious harbor is sheltered by two peninsulas and numerous islands, 
and defended by Forts Warren, Winthroii. and Independence. It is four miles 
lonjr. and has an area of 7.5 .square miles, half of whidi alVords good anchorage 
for the largest ships. The entrance is marked by four light-houses: Minot's 
I.edge light, where once a structure resting on iron piers went down in a 
.storm (it has been replaced by a granite tower lOU feet high); Boston liglit, on 
Little Brewster Island, 80 feet high , the Narrows ligiit, on Great Brewster 
Island ; and Long Island Head light. 

Among the most noted public buildings are the State-house, on Beacon Hill, 
fronting the Common (from its cupola, the view of the city, the liarbor, and 
the country around, is uiisiirpas.sed ; on the grass plat in front are bronze 
statues of Daniel Webster, the great statesman, and Horace Mann, the founder 
of the Public School system ); the Custom-house, a granite structure, with dome 
and roof of solid stone; the City Hall, on School Street, with its bronze statue 
of Benjamin Franklin, a Boston boy; the Masonic Temple; Hcjrticultural 
Hall: Quincy Market: United States Post-office: and Music Hall, one of the 
tinest in the country, with the great organ of nearly C,000 pipes, that cost 
Jilo.tKX). Among the scenes of historic interest are Bunker Hill, in the Charles- 
town district, the site of the battle being marked by a square granite shaft ■J20 
f<'el high, having a winding stairway within leading to the top ; Fancuil Hall, 
called the "Cradle of Liberty." where the lievolutionary Patriots met to 
deliberate; Dorchester Heights, an inqiortant point in the siege of Boston by 
the provincial troops: the Old .South Church, at (he corner of Washington 
anil Milk streets, which was occupied by Brit- 
ish troops: and Fort Independence, in revolu- 
tionary times the chief seaward defense of the 
tr>wn, then known as " (I'astle William.' 

The manufactures of Boston are varied and 
extensive, incliuiing ship-building, machinery, 
furniture, oil and sugar-refining, leather dress- 
ing, clothing, jewelry, cheinicals. boots and 
shoes, etc. It is an important center of the 
leather, boot and shoe, wool, and dry-goods 
trades, both domestic and foreign. Its India 
and China trade was injured by the civil war, 
but is now partly restored. In foreign com- 
merce Boston is the second city in the t'nilcd 
States. The total value of its imports exceeds 
$(!0.0(.M1.0fiO annually ; and that of its exports. 
$2().(KK1.0(XJ: the arrivals of ve.s,sels being HI. 1100 
yearly. The chief e.vports are beef, grain aiul 
lumber, fish and ice. Steamships of the Cu- 
nard line sail weekly from East Boston to 
Liverpool. There are in the city GO National 
Banks, with a capital of about .$.50,000,000. 

The United States Navy-.vard, situated in 
the Charlestown district, is one of the largest and finest in the country. 

Boston has an excellent system of graded scluiols, more than 4G0 in all. 
with about 1,200 teachers, and an attendance of •18,.500 pupils. The city con- 
tains more than 170 churches; and it is distinguished for its numerous literary 
and scientific institutions, from which it has received the name of "The Athens 
of America." Among these are: the Athen.Tum, whose building and site cost 
$190,000. and which contains a library of 100.000 volumes, besides galleries of 
painting and sculpture; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the 
Boston Public Library, one of the largest in the country, which cost more 
than $3f)0.0O0, and contains about 275.000 volumes; the Massachusetts Histor- 
ical Society; the Ma.ssachusetts Horticultural Society; and the Lowell Insti- 
tute, which has a fund of $250,000 to maintain free lectures on chemistry, 
l>hysics, etc. 

A destructive fire, in 1872, swept away 77G buildings in the heart of the 
city, valued at $2.5,0(X>,000, and covering an area of fi5 acres. The loss, which 
fell chieHy upon the shoe, leather, and wool interests, was estimated at 
$()O,0O0,(XK). Fourteen lives are known to have been lost. The burnt district 
has since been rebuilt with business houses, even more elegant than tbo.se 
which were destroyed. 

I.onell (incorporated IH.'ifi; population 49,G88 : value $.3n,.S00,000), one of the 
two cajiitals of Middlesex County, and the second city in ssize in the state, is 
situated on the Merriniac, near the mouth of the Concord, 2G miles north- 
west from Boston. It is one of the leading seats of the cotton manufacture 
in the XTnited States. Twelve corporations, with a cajiital of SIG.OOO.CKX), em- 
ploy IG.tlOO o))eratives. ami manufacture more than 2..50O,O00 yards of cotton 
cloth a week, besides woolen goods, carpets, shawls, hosiery, etc. There are 
also important iron works here, which enqiloy 1.200 hands. The city derives 
its importance from its valuable water-power — the fall of the Merriniac within 
the city being 30 feet. It contains two Public Libraries, an Orphan Asylum, 
ail Old Ladies' Home, a Young Woman's Home, and other charitable institu- 
tions. Seven railroads center here. 




Longfellow's Home, Cambridge. 



Worcester (scti led 1084, incorporated 1848: population 49,.'5I7; value .$.53,488,0 
one of the two capitals of Worcester County, is situated near the head-wal 
of the Blackstone, and within a circle of hills, 44 miles west from Bost 
From its position near the geograiihical center of the state, and its social 
portance. it has been called the "Heart of the Commonwealth. It is the s 
of a great variety of manufactures, including boots and shoes, machiiK 
steam-engines, railroad iron, lire-arms, card-clothing, folding-chairs, car[i 
looms, musical instruments, and wire; the wire-works located here are 
largest in the world. Uailroads extend in six directions. Mechanics' Hal 
one of the finest and largest in the state, and, from the accessibility of 
[ilace, state conventions, political and other, are often held here. Of the p 
lie institutions, the chief are the American Antiquarian Library, Free Pu 
Library, W'orcester (Jounty Free Institute, Holy Cross College, Highland J] 
tary .\cademy. State Normal School, Worcester Academy, Oread Institute, P 
lie High School, Natural History Society, etc. 

CamliridBC (settled Hi.'lO . iiicor]iiirated 1840; population 47. .8,38; value $00,081,0 
a capital of Middlesex County, is situated on a broad plain on the norlh-v 
bank of the Charles River. It is the second city in the state in wealth, ; 
the fourth in population, and is chiefly noted as the seat of Harvard Univers 
the oldest, and in other respects the first college in the United States. Tl 
are extensive printing establishments in the city, which make some of 
best books in the country. It is the home of many literary and scieni 
men, whose grand old houses are models of taste and refinement — among th 
the poets, Henry W. Longfellow and .Tames Bussell Lowell. No city on 
continent is superior to this in cultured society. Memorial H:dl is an ele^ 
structure on the University grounds, erected by the alumni in memory 
their brothers who fell in the civil war. In Cambridge stands the old elm 

iinilcr which Washington took commanil 
ihc provincial troojis in 1775. 

Kail tiiri-r (settled 1059; incorporated \> 
population 4.5.340; value .$50,3.82,000), one 
the three capitals of Bristol County, is situ." 
on the east side of Mount Hope Bay, an j 
iif the Narragansett, at the mouth of the Ta 
ton River. 20 miles from the sea and - 
miles south from Boston. It is at the heac: 
deep water navigation, being connected v 
New York by a daily line of steamers; a 
besides, it has superior water-power fi 
Watuppa Lake. Its chief industries are i 
works, that turn out 120.000 kegs of nails y< 
ly ; two print works, making 75,000,000 yi 
iif calico yearly; 38 cotton mills, which ] 
iluce .300,000,000 yards of cotton cloth per 
iium, more than one-half of all that is m 
in the United States; a blcachery; and 
meroiis mechanical enterprises; a large co 
wise and shipping-traile ; and immense gra: 
quarries. Its public institutions, are a C 
dren's Home. Free Public Library, etc. 

Lawrence (incorporated 1853; population 34,916; value $23,329,000). om 
the three cajiitals of Essex County, is situated on both sides of the Merriu 
20 miles north-west from Boston. It was named for the Lawrence family 
Boston, who devehiped its industries. The river has a gradual fall within 
city of 20 feet. This led to its selectiim, in 1845, as a manufacturing cen 
A magnificent granite dam was thrown across the river, 900 feet long anc 
feet high, at a cost of $250,000, and a canal, IK miles long and 90 feet w 
has been built on the north side of the river, which is lined with factorie; 
second canal has lately been built on the opposite side. Three of the p 
cipal corporations employ 10,000 operatives. The Pacific Mills are noted 
the educational and social advantages afTorded the operatives, with a 
library of G.OOO volumes, reading-room, relief societies, hospitals for the : 
and aged, etc. The original Pemberton Mill, a brick structure, fell in 1 
burying 700 persons in the ruin.s, 91 of whom were killed or mortally inju 
Lawrence has a beautiful Common, Court-lioii.se, City Hall, Masonic Teni 
Odd Fellows' and Music halls, several institutions of public and private her 
fence, and manufactures of machinery, carriages, hardware, and flour, 

I.jnn (settled IG29; incorporated 1849; population ,32,600; value $27,713,0 
lies on the coast, alxnit 10 miles north-east from Boston, with which it is i 
nected by two lines of steam-cars and one of hor.se-c.ars. Its harbor is protet 
by the peninsula of N.ihant. From its nearness to Boston, and its position 
the coast, the city and the peninsula are favorite'summer resorts. It has 
ornamental Common, a fine Soldier's Monument, and several beautiful pu 
buildings, among which are the City Hall, Music Hall, Odd Fellows', and 
change halls. The city is the first in the country in the manufacture of 
men's boots and shoes; it has also an extensive trade in kid and mor<; 
leather. The first fire-engine was made here. 

SprincflpliKsettled 16.36; incorporated 1,852; population 31,0.53; value $41, 742,C 
the capital of Hampdeii County, is beautifully situated on the east bank 



GEOGRAPHY 



innecticut. OS miles from Button, mid 138 miles north-east from New 
The -western part of the city is level. In the eastern jiart, the hills 

I sites for many beautiful residences. Five railroads center here. The 
States Armory is located on the high ground in the eastern part of the 

lUt the heavy work is done in the .southerly part, on Mill River. It eni- 
ibout 350 men. thougli during the Civil War 3,000 men were employed 
manufacture of 1.000 ritles daily. The value of manufactures in the 
ceeds $10,000,000 yearly. The City Library building is one of the best in 
te, and contains 30,500 volinnes, besides a museum of natural history and 
j-'y. Indian Orchard is a thriving suburb in the cast Jiart of the city. 
wn was burned by tlie Indians during King Philip's War, in 1075. 

II (settled 1(520: incorporated 1.S.30, population 25,0.58, value $27,074,000), 
the capitals of Essex County, is situated on a .small bay, protected by the 

ula of JIarblehcad. It is on the line of the " Eastern Railroad," and is also 
ted by rail with Lowell and Lawrence. For many years it was tlie chief 
ircial port of the New England colonies; but its harbor is not deep, so that 

commerce has gone to Boston and New York. It has now a large 
g trade, chiefly of coal. The Essex Institute, the Peabody Academy of 
?, and the State Normal School are among its noted institutions. The' 
; industry is the manufacture of leather. When, during the Revolution, 

was blockaded, Salem opened its harbor to her ships. Here first the 
of Rejiresent- 
ictcd as a sov- 

]iower; and 
e British were 
jiulsed. 

Bdlforil (iucor- 

1 1S47; popu- 

25,895; value 

.000), one of 

pitals of Bris- 

unty, is .situ- 

n the Acush- 

ver, 55 miles 

from Boston, 

In'ch it is con- 
by two routes 

road. It was 

ly the chief 

the American 

lishcrj', which 
quite e.vteii- 

r carried on. 

Bedford has 

client harbor. 

idustries em- 

eotton and 
works, iron 

■y, cop pe r- 

. hing works, 

ui blue and 
paint works, 

ne candle fac- 

ilioe factories, 

rorks, etc. In 

:y are a Friends' Academy, St. John's Hospital, Free Public Library, etc. 

orville (incorporated 1871; population 21,808; value $20,334,000), 3 miles 
l!nst(in, is connected with tliat city by tliree lines of railroad. Its manu- 
L'S include brass-tid)ing, glass-bottles, art-material, etc. Many hills witliin 
ty are covered wiili line residences, and connnand pleasing views of the 
[lolis ; tiiey also jiosscss liistoric interest. 

Ispa (incorporated 1851; population 20,737: value $18,270,000), a city of 
k County, is a suburb of lioston. three or four miles north-east from tlie 
lon. It is connected with Charlestown district by the Chelsea Bridge 
the Jlystic River; and with Boston proper, by the "Eastern Railroad" 
ferry H< miles acro.ss, called Winnisin\met, the ancient Indian name of 
wn. Chelsea Creek separates it from East Boston. It contains a United 
Marine Hospital and Naval Powder Jfagazine. It is chiefly a residential 
jut lias also important manufactures. 

iitnu (settled 1030; incorporated 1804; population 20,445; value 517,773,000), 
F the caiiitals of Bristol County, is situated in the valley of the Taunton 
, 33 miles south from Boston. It is connected Ijy rail with Boston, New 
rd. Fall River, and Providence. Its manufactures include locomotives, 
-engines, cotton-machinery, Eritannia-ware, tacUs, etc. The capital em- 
[1 exceeds $2,.')00.000. Its charitable institutions are a ITon\e for Aged 
?, a City Mission with a comniodions chapel, and an Academy. 

urestor (set tied 1023: incorporated 1873; population 10,754; value $10,100,000), 
ity of Essex County, situated on the promontory of Cape Ann. 2S miles 
-cast from Boston, with which it is connected by rail. It has a line har- 




bor. The chief industries are lisheries and granite qu.Trrying. In the cod and 
mackerel lishery it ranks the first in the state, if not in the world. It is also 
a popular summer resort. 

Hnlyoko (incorporated 1873; population 10,260; value $10,031,000) is situated 
on the Connecticut River, eight jnilcs north from Spr'ngtield, with which it is 
connected by rail; it is also the terminus of the " Holyoke and Westfield Rail- 
road." It lias an immense water-power, utilized by an excelhiit dam across 
the Connecticut River. The chief manufactures are paper (17 paper mills), 
cotton and woolen goods, wire, etc. The City Hull is a granite structure which 
cost about $220,000. 

NcHtou (incorporated 1S73, population 10,105; value $30,807,000) is situated in 
a beautiful region on the Charles River, eight miles west from Boston, with 
which it is connected by two lines of steam- and one of horse-cars. It is a city 
of great W'ealth, the home of many princely mercliants of Boston. The New- 
ton Theological Institution, Lasell Female Seminary, two Academies, a Ly- 
ceum, a Free and three other Public Libraries, and two Asylums are among its 
public institutions. 

HnvorliUl (settled 1040; incorporated 1860; population 14,628; value $10,980,000) 
is situated at the head of tide-water, on the Merrimac, 18 miles from its mouth, 
and 32 miles north from Boston, with which it is connected by two lines of 

railroad. It is also 
connected by rail 
with Newburyport 
and Portland. Maine. 
Shoe manufactures 
and other collateral 
occupations are the 
leading industries; 
hats, woolen goods, 
and other articles are 
also produced. In 
the city are a flue 
Masonic Temple, 
City Hall, High 
School, etc. In co- 
lonial times this was 
a frontier settle-, 
nient, ex posed to 
frequent Indian at- 
tacks. 

Xenbnryport (in- 
corporated 1851; 
population 13,323 ; 
value $7,975,000), a 
capital of E.s.sex 
County, is situated 
at the mouth of the 
Merrimac, 35 miles 
north-east from Bo.s- 
ton.on the " Eastern 
Railroad." It con- 
tains four ship- 
yards ; and a bout 
100 vessels of various 
kinds are owned here. Cotton mills, shoe-factories, an iron foundry, etc.. are 
among its manufactories. The princijial literary institutions are the Putnam 
Free School. Public Library, Free Reading-room, etc. 

FUrliliuri; (incorporated 1872; population 12,289; value $13,217,000), one of the 
capitals of Worcester County, is situated on a branch of the Nashua River, 
fifty miles north-west from Boston. Five lines of railroad center liere! Its 
principal manufactures are paper, chairs, luachinery, woolen goods, etc., whose 
annual product is nearly $5,000,000. 

TOWNS. 

Adflnis (incorporated 1778; population 15,700; value $0,0.35,000) is situated in 
the valley of the Iloosic Itiver, at the west end of the Hoosac Tunnel, 143 
]iiilcs from Boston. The town was divided in 1878 into North Adams and 
Adams. These have extensive niannfactures of cotton and woolen goods, pajier, 
nitro-glycerine, boots and shoes, etc. Many Chinese are employed in the boot 
and shoe factories. 

Pittsfld.l (incorporated 1701; population 12.207; value $9,402,000), the capital 
of Berkshire County, in the valley of the Housatonic River, is 151 miles from 
Bostim. on the "Boston and Albany Railroad." 1,200 feet above the sea level. 
Around it ai-c six beautiful lakes, whose waters How into streams, the one to 
the east and the other to the west of the village, which unite to form the 
Housatonic. These lakes add much to the picturesquencss of the scenery; 
they allord excellent watcr-iiower, which is used in the manufacture of cotton 



Cotton Mill at Lawrence. 



OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



.aiul woolen goods, silk, and tacks. The town contains 
a Park, a Pul)l:ic Library of 7,(X)U volnnies, works of art, 
etc., "MapK-wood," a Young Ladies' Suniinary, and a 
Home for tlie Disabled. 

Kortliaiiiptoii (incorporated 1054; iio]>ulation 11,103; 
value S7..So7,000), tlie caiiital of Hanipsliire County, is 
situated on the Connecticut liivcr, 17 miles north from 
S))riuglield. Its manufactures include sewing machines 
and a variety of other articles. Among its institutions 
are a Female Seminary, State Lunatic Asylum, the Sniitli 
Charities, Smith College for Women, the foremost of its 
kind, and the Clark Institute for Deaf Mutes. 

■ Maliloii (incorporated l(j4!j; po]nilation 10,843; value 
$9,731,000), situated on the "Boston and Maine i;ail- 
road," four miles north from Boston, is a residential 
town, with excellent schools, churches, a Lyceum, etc. 

Brorton (incorporated 1874; population 10,.578; 
value S.XoOn.OOO), on the "Old Colony r.nilroad," 
in riymouth County, 20 miles south of Boston 
formerly called North Bridgewatcr, has large 
boot and shoe factories, and a good trade. 

Cliifoiioo (incorporated 1848; population 
10,331; value $5,801,000), situated on the Con- 
necticut River, at the mouth of the Chicopce, is 
four miles north from Springfield by railroad. It has 
large manufactories of cotton, swords, cutlery, ma- 
chinery, and brass cannon. The Ames Company have here 
the largest manufactory of swords in the United States. 

■\VaIIIiiim (incorporated 1737 ; population 9,045 ; value $lO,2.'>7,noO) 
is situated on the Charles River, nine miles west from Boston, on the "Fitch- 
burg Railroad." The American Watch Company's factory, the largest in the 
country, and the one in which watch-making l)y machinery was lirst thor- 
oughly introduced is located here. 

Woj-moiitli (incorporated 1035; population 9,819; value $0,119,000), called by 
the Indians Wessaguscut, the .second oldest settlement in the state [1020], is 
situated 11 miles south from Boston, on the South Shore branch of the "Old 
Colony Raili'oad." 

]liIfori1 (incorporated 1780; population 9,818; value $5,107,000), wliich the 
Indians called Wopowage, situated in Worcester County, 30 miles south-west 
from Boston, on a branch of the "Boston and Albany Railroad," is a large 
boot manufacturing center. 

Wobiirii (incorporated 1042; population 9,5CS ; value $8,707,000) is situated on 
the "Boston, Lowell, and Nashua Railroad," 10 miles north-west from Boston. 
The i)rincipal manufacture is leather; a tannery was established here in 1073. 

Attlplinro' (incorporated 1G94; population 9,224 ; value $4,027,000), 30 miles 
south-south-west from Boston, on the "Boston and Providence Railroad," has 
extensive manufactures of jewelry, calicoes, clocks, buttons, etc. 

(Jiuiiry (incorporated 1792; population 9,1.55; value $7,203,000), named for Hon. 
John (^uincy, on the "Old Colony Railroad," eight miles south from Boston, 
is one of the oldest towns in New England, it having been part of Braintrec. 
Ship-building has been carried on here for more than 150 years; some of the 
finest ships in the country have been launched from Quincy Point. Granite is 
the sta|ile product of the town. Bunker Hill Monument was built from it. 
The first railroad in the United States was built here, in 1827, to transport 
granite to the vessels. Here was the birth-place of the presidents, John Adams 
and his son John Quincy Adams. In the town are a Pulilic Library, the 
Adams Academy, an excellent iustitutio}), and a State Home for Inlirm Sailors. 

IVostflelil (incorporated 1009; population 8.429; value $7,337,000). Imlian name 
Waranokc, is situated on the Weslfield River, nine miles west from Springlicld, 
by the "Boston and Albany Railroad," in n beautiful valley at the southern 
continuation of the Green Mountains. Its prominent manufactures are whips, 
of which it produces more tlian all the country besides; cigars, in which are 
vised 340 tons of tobacco yearly, most of which is raised in the Coiniecticut 
Valley; paper, a thick variety of which is used in the manufacture of racing 
boats; machine belting, pails, etc. The church-organ works, since 1844, have 
built nearly 500 organs. In the town are a Statu Nornud School and Public 
Library. 

Marllinro' (incorporated 1000; population 8,424; value $3,285,000), Indian name 
Okommakamesitt, is on the " Fitchburg Railroad," 25 miles west from Boston. 
It contains 25 boot and shoe factories, one of which is among the largest in the 
world. 

Pfabraly (incorporated 1855; population 8,000; value $0.70.3.000) is situated on 
the "Salem and Lowell," and one branch of the "Eastern Railroad." five miles 
west from Salem. It is the birth-place of George IVabody, the London mill- 
ionaire, for whom the town is named; he founded here, in 1.855, the Peabody 
Institute, to which he gave $200,000. His bequests to benevolent and educa- 
tional objects reach the sum of $7,000,000. 




Connecticut Valley and Smith College, Northampton. 

Marblclioad (incorporated 1049; population 7,077; value $4,247,000), a seap( 
with a .spacious and deep harbor, is situated on a branch of the "Eastern R; 
road," 20 miles north-east from Boston. Its chief industry is the shoe mai 
facture. It is a beautiful summer resort. 

Natick (incorporated 17Gi2; population 7,419; value $3,708,000) is situated 
the "Boston and Albany Railroad," 12 miles west from Boston. The priu 
I>al business is shoe manufacture; there are also manufactories of liats and c 
riuges. It has a Public Library of 10,000 volumes. 

BcTorly (incorporated 1008; population 7,203; value $8,931,000), situated or 
suudl inlet of the ocean north-east of Salem, is on the "Eastern Railroad," 
miles from Boston. It is chiefly important for its eonnnerce and fisheries; I 
it has also manufactures of shoes, carriages, and cotton and woolen goods. 

Clhiton (incorporated 18.30; population 0,781; value $4,548,000), on the Nash 
River, 44 miles north-west from Boston, on the "Boston, Clinton and Fit( 
burg Railroad," has fine water-power, ami manufactures wire-cloth, combs, e 
ton yarn, ginghams, Brussels and Wilton carpets, etc. 

Bronkline (incorporated 1705; population 6.075; value $.30,709,000), the hoi 
of many wealthy merchants, is situated on the Charles River, four miles wi 
fnuu Boston, with which it is connected by the "Boston and Albany," and t 
"New York and New England" railroads. It is the richest town in the sta 
It has a fine Public Library building and a granite Town-house. 

Mrdfonl (incorporated 10.30; population 0,027; value $9,730,000), on Ihe Mys 
River, five miles north from Bo.ston, is connected with the city by the "Bost 
and Lowell" and the "Bo.ston and Maine" railmads. Kuni and crackers ; 
largely manufactured here. It has a Public Library, and is the seat of Tu 
College. 

Pljmoiitli (incorporated 1020; population G,.370; value $4, .505,000), Indian nai 
Accomack, the capital of Plymouth County, situateil on Massachusetts Bt 
37 miles south-east from Boston, on the "Old Colony Kailroad," is celebrat 
as the landing-place of the Pilgrim Fathers, and as the first .settlement in Ni 
England. The climate is very healthy. There is a variety of manufactur 
some commercial business, and a fleet of ve.s.sels engaged in the Newfimndia: 
fisheries. It contains many points of interest conuccted with the early si 
tiers; Forefathers' Monument, an imposing structure, is nearly completed. 

II.vilc Park (incorporated 1808; population 0,310; value $0,,54.5.000). on t 
Nepon.sct River, seven miles south-west from Boston on the "Boston and Prt 
idenco" and the "New York and New England" railroads, is chiefly a pla 
of ;-esidcnce for people who do business in Boston. 

DaiiTPrs (incorporated 17.57; population 0.024; value $3,928,000) is north-w< 
of Salem, and 19 miles north from Boston, by the "Boston and Maine" ai 
Eastern" railroads. Its manufactures are leather, shoes, carpets, and bricks. 

Willlainstonn, in Berkshire County, is noted as tho seat of Williams' Collcf 
Mt. Grcylock is wiihin the town, and Sand Springs, a we'.l known snium 
resort. 

Aniliorst, a pleasant village in nampshire County, is the scat of Amhci 
College and of the State Agricultural College. 

.Vniosl)iir.v, north-west from Ncwbnry]iort, is engaged in carriage mamifactui 

ATostboronsIi, on the "Boston and Albany Railroad," Iniilds sleighs exte 
sively. It is the seat of the State Reform School for Boys. 



GEOGRAPHY OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



atertown, seven miles from Boston, on the " Fitclibiirg Railroad," has a 
ed States Arsenal and the beautiful Mt. Auburn Cemetery. 

idoT«r, 23 miles north from Boston, on tlie "Boston and Maine Railroad," 
e seat of Phillips Academy and a Theological Seminary. 

xboro', 21 miles south-west from Boston, on the "Boston and Providence 
oad," is noted for its straw hat and bonnet factories. 

iiison, on the "Boston and Albany Railroad," has extensive granite quarries 
bonnet factories. 

iiox, on the Housatonic River, and Saii(inU-li, on Cape Cod, manufacture 
and glassware. 

0, on the Housatonic River, has extensive paper mills. 

^ellold, on the "Boston and Maine Railroad," is noted for its willow-ware. 



I Wellesley, 15 miles from Boston, on the "Boston and Albany Railroad," is 
I the seat of Wellesley College, and has many elegant country residences. 

I Stockbrldge, in Berkshire County, the home of the Indian tribe of that name, 
i§ a fine old town, with an Academy and Public Library. Here, and in the 
! towns around, many noted literary men and women have country seats. 

[ Barnstable, on Cape Cod, is the capital of Barnstable County. 

Dedham, the capital of Norfolk County, 10 miles south-west from Boston, on 
the "Boston and Providence Railroad," has a granite Court-house, Jail, etc. 

Turner's Falls, in Franklin County, on the Connecticut, has a splendid water- 
fall, and one of the largest cutlery establishments in the world. 

Other towns are : Southbridj^e, Spencer, Leominster, Framlngham, Webater, Hamp- 
den, etc., etc. Find each on the map. 



MAP DRAWING. 

Draw nine vertical and six horizontal lines, as in the following fignre, 
forming a rectangle composed of forty equal squares. Xuniber tlie verti- 
nes from left to right, 
3, etc., and letter the 
ontal lines upwards, a, 
itc. 

Point A, at the inter- 
m of the lines 2 and 
the exact nortli-west 
:r of the state. 
Point B, at the inter- 
m of the lines 6 and 
00 miles east of A, and 
es north of the Merri- 
River. 

Point C is on the line 
If-way from the line e 
p line /. 

Point D is at the right 
e line ~, and below the 
e, one-fourth the side 
square. 

Point E is on the line 
alt- way between the 
6 and 7. 

Point G is at the 
r of the square 6, 7, 




Point H is a little 

: the horizontal line c, 

s one-eighth of the side of a square to the left of the vertical line 6. 

Point I is on the horizontal line c, half-wav between the lines 1 and 2. 



10. Connect these points in order by dotted lines, and thus obtain the out- 
line of the main portion of the state. 

11. To locate the peninsula of Cape Cod, connect a point on the line 8, 
half-way between the lines c and d, with the intersection of the lines 9 and c: 

and connect this last point 
with the point F. 

12. To locate Martha's 
Vineyard, extend the last 
line to the intersection of 
the lines 7 and a. To locate 
Nantucket, connect the in- 
tersection of the lines 9 and 
b with the intersection of 
the lines 8 and a, 

13. Draw the actual 
boundary lines so far as 
they vary from the dotted 
lines, and draw the out- 
lines of the islands. 

14. Draw the interior 
rivers and mountains of the 
state. Locate the principal 
cities, and letter the map. 

15. The line AB is nearly 
on the parallel 42° 45' north 
latitude. 

16. Point D is Glouces- 
ter ; point E, Boston ; point 
F, Hyannis; point G, the 
south-east corner of Rhode 
Island ; and point H, the 
north-east corner. 

17. The side of a small square in the figure represents a distance of about 
twenty-five miles. 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



014 069 041 7 



ECLECTIC EDUCATIONAL SERltS 

JEiTihodying tKe j[£ost jljypro^^ecl JKIetKods of 
TTLstj^izctioTX ; Tnclor^sed. hy LecLcLvrxg EcLu^ccttors cltkZ Used trc tlxe IBest Sclvodls ; 

SujpeTior iix Typogrcvphy cund J3tnjdin.g ; 

THE BEST BOOKS AT THE LOWEST PRICES. 



Reading— New Eclectic Series. 



McGuffL-y's New First 
AfcGuffey's New Second 
McGiiffey's New Third 
McGuffey's New Fourth 
McGuffey's New FifiH 
McGuffey's New Sixth 



Eclectic Reader, 
Eclectic Reader. 
Eclectic Reader, 
Eclectic Reader, 
Eclectic Reader, 
Eclectic Reader. 



Reading— Gracled-School Series. 

Harvey's Graded-School First Reader, 
Harvey's Graded-School Second Reader, 
Harvey's Graded-School Third Reader, 
Harvey's Graded-School Fourth Reader, 
Harvev's Graded-School Fifth Reader. 



Spelling. 



McGuffey's New Eclectic Spelling-Eook, 
Harvey's Graded-School Primary Speller, 
DeWolf's Instructive Speller, 
Henkle's Test Spelling-Book. 



Primary Reading. 



McGuffey's New Primary Charts, lo Nos., S/teels, 

McGuffey's New Primary Charts, lo Nos., Roller, 

McGuffey's New Primary Charts, lo Nos., Boanls, 

McGuffey's New Eclectic Primer, 

McGuffey's Pictorial Primer, 

Leigh's Phonetic Primer, 

Leigh's Phonetic Primary Reader, 

Knell & Jones's Phonic Reader, 

Little Teacher, No. I (Word Method), thick covers, 

Latham's First Lessons for Deaf Mutes. 

Arithmetic— Ray's Series. 

Primary Arithmetic, First Book, 
Intellectual Arithmetic, Second Book, 
Rudiments of Arithmetic, wi//t or without Answers., 
Practical Arithmetic, Third Book, 
Key to Practical Arithmetic, 
Test Examples, with or without Answers, 
Higher Arithmetic, 
. Key to Higher Arithmetic. 

Arithmetic— White's Graded-School Series. 

Primary Arithmetic, 

Intermediate Arithmetic, with or without Answers, 
Complete Arithmetic, with o ; Wtu.put Ans7uers, ' 
Key to Complete Arithmetic. 

Algebra. 

Ray's New Elementary Algebra, 

Ray's New Higher Algebra (8vo, sheep), 



Key to Ray's New Elementary and Higher Algebras, 
Schuyler's Complete Algebra. Key. 

Higher Mathematics. 



Ray's Plane and Solid Geometry (i2mo), 
Ray's Geometry and Trigonometry (Svo, sheep), 
Ray's Analytic Geometry (Svo, sheep), 
R.ay's Elements of Astronomy , (Svo, sheep), 
Ray's Surveying and Navigation (Svo, sheep), 
Ray's Differential and Integral Calculus, 
Evans's School Geometry (Elementary), 
Schuyler's Trigoiiometry and Mensuration. 



English Language. 



Harvey's Language Lessons, 
Harvey's Elementary Grammar, 
Harvey's English Grammar^ 
Pinneo's Primary Grammar- 
Piniieo's Analytical Grammar. 

Analysis and Composition. 



Pinneo's English Teacher, . 
Pinneo's Guide to Composition, 
Pinneo's Parsing Exercises, 
Pinneo's Exercises in False Syntax, 
Williams's Parser's Manual. 

Geography. 

Eclectic Primaiy Geography, No. I, 
Eclectic Intermediate Cleography, No. 2, 
Eclectic School Geography, No. 3. 

History. 



Venable's United States History, 
Thalheimer's Ancient History, 
Thalheimer's Mediaeval and Modern History, 
Thalheimer's History of England, 
Eclectic Historical Atlas. 



Penmanship. 



Eclectic Elementary .Course (3 Numbers), 

Eclectic Copy-Books (9 Number.s), 

Eclectic Primary Copy-Book, 

Eclectic Exercise-Book, 

Eclectic Copy-Book Covers, with Blotters, 

Eclectic Writing-Cards (72 Nos. on 36 Cards), 

Eclectic Hand-Book of Penmanship, 

Sample Book Eclectic Penmanship, 200 copies. 

School Music. 



Philip Phillips's Day School Singer, 
Young Singer, Part I, Part II, Manual. 



Elocution and Dialogues. 

McGuffey's Juvenile Speaker, 

McGuffey's Eclectic Speaker, 

Kidd's Elocution and Vocal Culture, 

Vena^ble's School Stage, 

Venable's Amateur Actor, 

Venable's Dramas and Dramatic Scenes. 

Special Reading. 

Cole's Institute Reader, 
Kidd's Rhetorical Reader, 
McGuffey's Rhetorical Guide, 
McGuffey's High School Reader, 
Hemans Young Ladies' Reader. 

Science. 



Norton's Elements of Natural Philosophy, 
Norton's Elements of Physics, 
Schifyler's Principles of Logic, 
Hepburn's Manual of English Rhetoric, 
Brown's Physiology and Hygiene, 
Andrews' Manual of the C'mstitution, 
Gow's Good Morals and Gentle Manners, 
Payne's School Supervision. 



Languages. 



ECLECTIC CLASSICAL SERIES: 
Bartholomew's Latin Grammar, 
Bartholonrew's Latin Gradual. 

Duffet's French Metho<l, Part I, 
Duffet's French Method, Part II, 
Key to Duffet's French Method, Parts I and II. 



Teachers' Library. 



Kriisi's Life of Pestalozzi, 
Hailman's Kindergarten CuHure, 
Hailman's. Lectures on History of Pedagogy, 
The Examiner, or Teacher's Aid, 
Smart's Manual of Free Gymnastics, 
Object Lessons, by Lilienthal & Allyn. 

School Records. 

White's Common School Register, 
White's Graded-School Register, 
White's Teachers' Class Record, 
White's Pupil's Daily Record. 

Eclectic Pens. 

No. 100, School Pen, 
No. 200,. Commercial Pen, 
No. 300, Ladies' Pen. 



Liberal Terms on Sample Copies to Teachers and School Officers, and Supplies for First Introduction into Schools. 
Address the Publishers for Price List and Descriptive Circulars. 



137 vs/alnut St., 
CINCINNATI. 



YiN Aktwerp, Bragg & Co., Publishbrs, 



28 Bond Street, 
NEW YORK. 



s^|i|||irfe:RR-||f|i|f|pi 



s^rt 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 





t' ! 



I II' III: II II II 
014 069 041 7 4D 



Hollinger Corp. 
pH8.5 



